Demand response management system

ABSTRACT

A demand response management system which may be implemented with demand response logic. The system may be used by utilities, independent system operators, intermediaries and others to manage operations of demand response programs relative to customers, clients, participants, and users of outputs from the utilities, independent system operators, and the like. Demand response logic of the demand response management system may provide demand signal propagation and generation from demand response events.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/327,460, filed Jul. 9, 2014, and entitled “Demand Response Management System”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/019,943, filed Feb. 2, 2011, and entitled “Demand Response Management System”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/301,123, filed Feb. 3, 2010, and entitled “Demand Response Management System”. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/301,123, filed Feb. 3, 2010, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/019,943, filed Feb. 2, 2011, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/327,460, filed Jul. 9, 2014, is hereby incorporated by reference.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/327,460, filed Jul. 9, 2014, and entitled “Demand Response Management System”, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/019,943, filed Feb. 2, 2011, and entitled “Demand Response Management System”, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, and entitled “A System for Providing Demand Response Services”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009, is hereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure pertains to utility resources and particularly to assessment and distribution of the resources. More particularly, the invention pertains to beneficial management of resources and their loads.

SUMMARY

The disclosure reveals a demand response management system which may be implemented with demand response logic. The system may be used by utilities, independent system operators, intermediaries and others to manage operations of demand response programs relative to customers, clients, participants, and users of outputs from the utilities, independent system operators, and the like. Demand response logic of the demand response management system may provide demand signal propagation and generation from demand response events.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

FIG. 1 is a diagram of an interaction between a utility and/or independent system operator and a demand response resource;

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a classification hierarchy of the types of demand response interactions and signals that may be used relative to a demand response resource;

FIG. 3 is a diagram of how demand response logic may transform high level grid conditions into eventual load control commands;

FIGS. 4a, 4b and 4c are diagrams illustrating cases where some or virtually all of demand response logic is implemented by a demand response management system which may reside within a utility and/or independent system operator or an intermediary entity;

FIG. 5 is a diagram showing a consolidated scenario in which demand response signals generated by a demand response management system may be delivered to either an energy management control system or directly to a load control mechanism within a customer's facility;

FIG. 6 is a diagram of where one or more demand response resources may be an entity that have a relationship with a utility and/or independent service operator or and intermediary relative to being a participant in a demand response event;

FIG. 7 is a diagram showing a demand response management system for generating a demand response signal, which may be adjusted, for a particular client, customer or participant, relative to a demand response event; and

FIG. 8 is a diagram of a table being a way of representing quantities and/or rules allowing them to be easily edited for adjusting a demand response signal for a particular customer, client or participant, relative to a demand response event.

DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure reveals an implementation of demand response (DR) logic within a demand response management system (DRMS). The system and associated software may be effected and operated with one or more computers/controllers (controllers) and connections. The DRMS is a system that may be used by utilities and independent system operators (ISO's) to manage the operation of DR programs. A focus of the DRMS may be on the operational aspects of managing the selection, signaling and monitoring of the DR resources that are participating in DR programs. The DRMS may be specifically designed to manage the operations of automated DR programs. The DR logic components of the DRMS are noted herein.

There may be various types of interactions that might occur between the utility/ISO and a DR resource as part of a DR program. FIG. 1 is a diagram of an interaction between a utility/ISO 11 and a DR resource (customer) 12. There may be DR signals 13 going from utility/ISO to DR resource 12. There may be load measurement signals 14 going from DR resource 12 to utility/ISO 11.

Customer, client, user, participant, and like terms, may be used, interchangeably or distinct from one another, depending on a context of a pertinent portion of a description or a claim.

A description of DR Signals 13 may be noted. At the highest level, there may virtually always be some sort of grid condition, be it economic or grid reliability in nature, which triggers a so called DR event that requires some sort of interaction between the utility/ISO and its customers. This interaction may eventually trigger some sort of load control taking place at a customer's facility. The interaction between the utility/ISO 11 and the customer 12 may be mediated by a so called DR signal 13 that represents a communication between the utility/ISO 11 and the customer 12. It is the information contained within the DR signal 13 that may dictate where much of the decision making takes place in how the initial grid condition that triggered the DR event results in the eventual load control.

There may be a classification hierarchy of the types of DR interactions and signals that may be used as illustrated by a diagram in FIG. 2. Three classes of interactions that may occur incorporate a supply state 16, DR resource instructions 17, and load controller commands 18.

A supply 16 state may refer to information about conditions concerning the supply of electricity that may affect DR resource's 12 load profile. The conditions may incorporate prices of electricity, sources of generation (e.g., hydro versus coal), carbon content, reliability of supply or grid conditions, and other conditions.

The nature of this information may be such that it does not necessarily include any specific instructions for how the load profile of the DR resource should change. Virtually all decisions as to what the desired load profile should be in response to the information within a DR signal 13 may be within the DR resource 12. A very typical example of this type of DR signal 13 may be real-time or dynamic electricity prices that may be sent to a DR resource 17.

DR resource instructions may refer to information that specifies what the load profile of a DR resource 12 should be as a result of receiving a DR signal 13. Examples of this information may incorporate specific consumption levels (which can be either up or down), dispatch instructions, and load profile specifications.

This type of information may be more specific than information of the supply state 16 in that it indicates what the load profile of DR resource 12 should be. The information does not necessarily indicate how individual loads of DR resource 12 should be controlled and thus the intelligence for determining how to control individual loads may be virtually all within DR resource 12. The information may be about load shifting or shedding, and the certainty or predictability of a load shape change.

Typical examples of such information may incorporate dispatch instructions that may be sent from an ISO 11 to an aggregator. Such dispatch instructions may often be in a form of an amount of load that DR resource 12 is expected to provide.

Load controller commands 18 may refer to specific load control commands sent to a controller of a load that specifies the state that the load should be in. Examples may incorporate existing DR programs such as AC cycling in which air conditioners within residences are turned on and off. This information may be used for DLC (direct load control).

DR logic 21 may support supply state 16 and the DR resource instructions 17. DR logic 21 may be a part of or provided by a computer/controller (computer) at a place where the logic 21 is situated. The computer may incorporate one or more inputs, a processor, a user interface with a keyboard and display, a memory, external connections such as an internet, one or more outputs, and so forth. The computer may be utilized with virtually all items in and pertinent to FIGS. 1-8.

A specification for the DR logic 21 may be necessary to support load controller commands (direct load control). DR logic 21 may transform high level grid conditions 22 into eventual load control commands 23 as indicated a diagram of FIG. 3. DR logic 21, associated with a computer, may be instantiated within a single entity or may be distributed across different systems as entities. While there may be “use cases” where no DR logic 21 is implemented within an entity that interacts with the customer facility 27 (i.e., utility/ISO 11 or intermediary 25), one may note the use cases where at least some of the DR logic 21 is implemented by a DRMS 24 which resides within the utility/ISO 11 or an intermediary entity 25 as shown in FIGS. 4a-4c . A last use case of FIG. 4c in which virtually all of the DR logic 21 may be embedded within the utility/ISO 11 or intermediary entity 25 may be considered as providing direct load control (DLC) as indicated by commands 34 which go to load and DER 28 of customer facility 27 via gateway 35.

In FIG. 4a , a first use case shows a scenario wherein some of the DR logic 21 may reside within an energy management and control system (EMCS) 26 within a customer facility 27. EMCS 26 may be an actual device or a software module running inside a larger system with a computer such as customer facility 27. Upon receiving a DR signal 13, EMCS 26 may be responsible for processing the information within the DR signal 13 into some sort of facility wide load profile objectives and/or load control commands. There may be an interaction between EMCS 26 and load and DER 28.

In FIG. 4b , the second use case shows a scenario wherein the load and DER 28 (e.g., an appliance, thermostat, or the like), having DR logic 21, may interact directly with the DRMS 24 via gateway 35 to receive the DR signal 13. In FIG. 4c , as noted herein, the DRMS 24 may provide direct load commands 34 directly to load and DER 28. It may be that virtually all of the DR logic 21 concerning how to respond to a DR signal is embedded directly in a load controller.

There may be scenarios which are a combination of the first and second use cases in which some of the DR logic 21 is embedded within an EMCS 26 and some of the DR logic 21 is embedded within the load controller.

The present approach may deal with DR logic 21 that is instantiated within the DRMS 24. It may be assumed that the nature of the DR signals 13 which are being delivered by the DRMS 24 are of either a grid state or a DR resource instruction category. DR signals 13 may conform to an existing standard or specification such as the OpenADR.

In FIG. 5, a diagram shows a consolidated scenario in which DR signals 13 generated by the DRMS 24 may be delivered to either an EMCS 26 or directly to a load controller within the customer's facility 27.

Main functions of DR logic 21 within the DRMS 24 of utility/ISO 11 or intermediary 25 may incorporate 1) DR signal 13 propagation and 2) DR signal 13 translation (generation). A notion of a DR event 31 (FIG. 6) may be further defined. A DR event may be initiated by the utility/ISO 11 or intermediary 25 which is responsible for ultimately generating a DR signal 13 for the customer 12 or customer facility 27. A main function of DR logic 21 may be to take a DR event 31 and generate an appropriate DR signal 13.

A DR event 31 may have several attributes. One attribute may be a schedule for the various periods which is associated with the DR event. Two very significant periods may be 1) the so-called notification period before an event and 2) the period when the event itself is active. Another attribute may be a set of information or instructions which is associated with the DR event. This information may be particularly specific to a DR program and be a main instrument that the utility/ISO 11 uses to interact with the customer 12 during DR events. Examples of information or instructions may incorporate prices, shed levels and device commands. This information may fall into one of the three categories of supply state 16, DR resource instructions 17 and load controller commands 18, as indicated in FIG. 2.

DR Signal 13 propagation of DR logic 21 within DRMS 24, may be noted. One of the functions of the DR logic 21 may be to take a DR event and a specification as to which DR resources (customers) 12 are to receive signals, and from that determine an appropriate set of customers and their devices that need to receive DR signals 13. This may be referred to as propagating the DR signal 13.

In a diagram of FIG. 6, a DR resource 12 may be an entity (typically a customer or participant) that has a relationship with the utility/ISO 11 or intermediary 25 and represents the entity that the utility/ISO 11 or intermediary 25 interacts with. This means that if the utility/ISO 11 wants to issue a DR event 31, then the DR resources 12 may be the entities that utility/ISO 11 calls upon to participate in the event 31.

DR resource 12 management and signal propagation may be noted. Each customer (i.e., DR resource 12) may manage a set of so-called clients 32 (EMCS or device) that it uses to manage its interactions with the DRMS 24. It may be the clients 32 that receive DR signals 13 from the DRMS 24. Thus, as shown in FIG. 6, each DR resource 12 may have associated with it multiple clients 32. Each of the clients may receive its own version of a DR signal 13 corresponding to a DR event 31.

Each DR resource 12 and set of associated clients 32 may have a set of attributes such as customer name, geographic location and grid location. Furthermore, DR resources 12 and clients 32 may be associated with groups that can be used for aggregation purposes. When a DR event 31 is issued by the utility/ISO 11, there may be additional data that specify who is to receive the DR signals 13. As recipients of DR signals 13, the data may indicate specific customers, aggregated group identifiers, resource groups, geographic regions and/or locations, and/or grid locations. These data or specifications may be used by the DRMS 24 to determine which DR resources 12 and which clients 32 of the DR resources 12 are to receive the DR signals 13.

Participation rules may be noted for DR signal 13 propagation. In addition to the attributes, each DR resource 12 may have associated with it a set of business rules that dictate the schedule constraints of when the DR resource 12 will participate in DR events 31. Such rules may incorporate: 1) Blackout periods having specific date/time periods, time of day, days of week, and/or days of month; 2) A maximum number of events for a year, month, week, and/or consecutive days; 3) Maximum and minimum durations of events; and/or 4) Maximum and minimum notification times for upcoming events.

If an event is issued that violates any of the constraints or rules, then the DRMS 24 may be configured such that it will not propagate a DR signal 13 to the DR resource 12 or its clients 32. Thus, the constraints or rules may also be a mechanism to control how DR signals 13 are propagated to the clients 32 of DR resources 12.

DR signal 13 generation (translation) of DR logic 21 within DRMS 24 may be noted. One of the functions of DR logic 21 may be to translate whatever information is associated with a DR event 31 into an appropriate DR signal 13 that can be sent to the customer or resource 12. In some cases, there may be very little, if any, translation or transformation necessary, but in some cases the DR event 31 information (e.g., prices, shed levels, and so forth) may be translated into a form that is specific for the customer 12.

The following are general transformations (or translations) that may take place to generate a DR signal 13. One may be to customize the DR event 31 schedule for the customer 12. A second transformation may be to customize the DR event 31 information specifically for the customer 12. For example, a particular DR program may use prices as the main instrument in a DR signal 13, but each individual customer 12 may receive a different price based upon a bid that the customer has placed. Thus, the price within the DR signal 13 may be customized for each customer 12.

A third transformation may be to translate the information in the DR event 31 to an alternate form which makes it easier for the customer's automation equipment to consume it. Examples of transformations of this type may include the simple DRAS (demand response automation server) client signal levels that are described in the OpenADR (open automated demand response (communications specification)). The simple levels in OpenADR may be specifically designed to allow more complex information such as prices and shed amounts to be translated into one of a finite set of simple levels such as NORMAL, MODERATE, and HIGH. These simple levels may then be more easily translated into specific load control commands using DR logic 21 within the customer's facility 27.

A fourth transformation may be to use feedback from the customer 12 (e.g., real-time usage information) to modify the DR event 31 and associated signal information. A fifth transformation may be to translate the information in a DR event 31 into actual load control commands, e.g., direct load control commands 34 of FIG. 4c . The fifth transformation may be described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, and entitled “A System for Providing Demand Response Services”, which is hereby incorporated by reference.

A diagram of FIG. 7 shows the DR signal 13 generation (translation) process of a DR management system. DR logic 21 (FIG. 5) and one of its main functions, DR signal generation, may be noted. The mechanism of the Figure described herein may allow for DR event 31 information to be translated, but it may also be possible to translate the timing parameters of the DR event 31 by using the participation rules indicated herein. If the rules defined for a particular customer 12 or participant, do not match the event 31 schedule, then it may be possible for the DRMS to be configured such that the DR signal 13 which is generated can be adjusted to match the business rules.

For example, one may assume that a participation rule has been defined for a particular participant, such as “Can participate in DR events from 3 pm to 6 pm.” Now one may assume that a DR event 31 is issued with a schedule, such as “Event active from 4 pm to 7 pm.” Since there is a period of the DR event 31 in which the participant has specified that it will not participate, it may be possible for the DRMS to be configured to generate a DR signal 13 that spans from 4 pm to 6 pm in order to match the participant's rule, by eliminating the 6 pm to 7 pm period in which the participant cannot participate. This way, the participant may be present for the whole schedule of event 31. Likewise, the DRMS may also have been configured to reject the DR event 31 and generate no DR signal 13 for that participant in accordance with the signal propagation rules as described herein.

Implementation of DR logic 21 for signal generation, that of another main function of the DR logic 21 (FIG. 5) may be noted. A portion or more of DR logic 21 being used to generate DR signals 13 may be described in several steps as shown FIG. 7. A first step 41 may entail customizing or modifying the schedule of the DR event 31 to match user participation rules 36 of the DR resource 12. A second step 42 may entail customizing or modifying DR event 31 information in view of bids 37. Bids may be just one example of information or variable. One or more of other items, such as shed levels, prices, demands, usage, and so forth, may be used apart from bids 37 or in combination with bids. A third step 43 may entail translating DR event 31 information in view of user preferences and translation rules 38.

The second step 42 and the third step 43 may entail actually modifying the information that is encapsulated within DR signal 13. Steps 41, 42 and 43 may be modeled as a set of Boolean equations which relate the following quantities: 1) Start time may be when the condition first becomes valid; 2) End time may be an end of when the condition is valid; 3) Variable may be either an input variable associated with the event 31 (e.g., price, shed level, bid, usage, and/or so forth), or it may be a telemetry variable that is fed back via real-time telemetry 45 to steps 42 and/or 43 from a client or customer's facility 27 synch as a usage or device state (for instance, the variables may typically be fixed and set by the definition of the DR program); 4) Condition may be logical Boolean operation that relates the one or more variables to some user defined value or values (for instance, this may be a typical sort of Boolean operations such as greater than, less than, equal, and so forth); and 5) Operations may be what is to be done if the rule is TRUE.

One way of representing these quantities or rules in a way that allows them to be easily edited by users may be in the form of an example table 40 as shown in FIG. 8. Table 40 may consist of a collection of rules. The top row may list headings indicating a rule, start time, end time, variable, condition, value, “operation 1: set simple level” and “operation 2: set price”. Table 40 shows just one instance of rules as these rules may be edited or there could be other rules which are different in type, kind, and/or number. Each rule number (for instance, 1, 2, 3 or 4) may represent a set of conditions, such as start time, end time, variable, condition, and value, in that when AND'd together they result in a TRUE, which will execute the specified operation, such as an operation 1 of setting a simple level or an operation 2 of setting a price, as for instance in the example of table 40.

In table 40, there may be multiple types of operations other than those shown as examples, which can be executed, and rules, with conditions which are related to a particular operation, that may be logically grouped together so that the first rule, which relates to a particular operation, that is TRUE in terms of its conditions, is the rule which applies. In the example table, the conditions are “AND'd”; however, there may be rules where the conditions are logically “OR'd” in determining if rule is true for purpose of implementing a designated operation. The conditions may be connected in a combination of being logically “AND'd” and “OR'd” a truth determination of the respective rule and or the operation to be effected.

In rule one of table 40, for example, the price level may be set to the “BID” level and thus this may be a representation of how a price level for a DR event 31 may be customized for a particular client 32. In an actual deployment, this type of operation may probably be fixed by default by the business rules of the DR program and would not necessarily appear as an editable table to the user.

In rules 2-4 of table 40, the operation may be set to the simple level of the DR signal 13. This simplification may represent a type of signal translation in which the information associated with the DR event 31 (e.g., price) can be converted into a simpler representation. This does not necessarily imply that the price information is not also sent with the DR signals 13, but it may mean that an alternate form (i.e., simple level) is also sent. This may give a great deal of flexibility to the client 32 in how it consumes the information and is supported by DR signal's specifications such as OpenADR.

There may be separate collections of rules for each client 32 and a DR program that client 32 is participating in. The nature of the DR program may define the variables that are associated with the program. For example, one program might use price while another might use shed level. Furthermore, feedback variables may be used in the rules as a way to modify the DR signals 13 in real time during the DR event 31 as could be shown as an instance in rule three.

The items in table 40 noted herein may be effected with a computer. Table 40 may be meant to allow for easy modification by end users and be just one representation of a set of rules that could be applied to converting a DR event 31 to a DR signal 13. There may be other representations. There may be other ways of specifying the rules which relate the various variables and user specified conditions to values that appear in DR signal 13. Sets of rules may be created using free form equations that are interpreted, or even some sort of programming language such as Java may be used.

An application which is relevant to the present application is U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, and entitled “A System for Providing Demand Response Services”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/834,841, filed Jul. 12, 2010, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/271,084, filed Jul. 17, 2009, is hereby incorporated by reference.

An application which is relevant to the present application is U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/245,560, filed Oct. 3, 2008, and entitled “Critical Resource Notification System and Interface Device”, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/977,909, filed Oct. 5, 2007. U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/245,560, filed Oct. 3, 2008, is hereby incorporated by reference. U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/977,909, filed Oct. 5, 2007, is hereby incorporated by reference.

In the present specification, some of the matter may be of a hypothetical or prophetic nature although stated in another manner or tense.

Although the present system and/or approach has been described with respect to at least one illustrative example, many variations and modifications will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the specification. It is therefore the intention that the appended claims be interpreted as broadly as possible in view of the prior art to include all such variations and modifications. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A demand response management system comprising: a computer; an input connected to the computer for receiving at least one demand response (DR) event indicative of a grid condition; a translator that translates information about the DR event into a level of two or more client-specified levels; an output connected from the computer for providing one or more DR signals including the level of the two or more client-specified levels to a client having a DR resource connected to the grid in response to receiving at least one DR event; and wherein: a DR signal comprises information, if any, about an energy supply state, DR resource instructions, and/or DR resource load control commands; the information of a DR signal is customized according to participation rules of the client and is based, at least in part, on a received DR event; and further comprising a table of rules for customizing a schedule of the DR event for the client, for customizing information of the DR event for the client, and for translating information of the DR event to a form appropriate for the client.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the computer comprises DR logic which takes into account the participation rules of the client and the received DR event to produce the DR signal.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein information about an energy supply state includes one or more of prices of electricity, sources of energy generation, carbon content of energy, and reliability of grid conditions.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein DR resource instructions specify one or more of specific consumption levels, dispatch instructions, and load profiles for one or more DR resources of the client.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the DR resource load control commands are sent to a controller of a DR resource load to adjust a load profile of the DR resource.
 6. The system of claim 1, wherein information about a DR event is customized according to one or more variables selected from a group consisting of bids, sheds, prices, demands, and usage.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein: the rules are in a form of Boolean equations; and if all conditions of a rule are true, then a predetermined operation is effected.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the DR signal is sent to an energy management and control (EMCS) system of the client and the EMCS system processes the DR signal into one or more facility wide load profile objectives and/or load control commands.
 9. A demand response management system comprising: one or more demand response (DR) events from a utility and/or independent service operator to a computer having an input; a customizer for modifying a schedule of the one or more DR events to conform as needed to a schedule of a client and/or for modifying information about the one or more DR events; a translator that translates information about the one or more DR events into a client-specified level in one or more DR signals; an output of the computer for providing the one or more DR signals incorporating the schedule of the one or more DR events as modified, information about the one or more DR events as modified, and/or information as translated for the client; and wherein the translating the information about the DR events is according to preferences and translation rules of the client.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein the modifying a schedule of the one or more DR events is according to participation rules of the client.
 11. The system of claim 9, wherein the modifying information about the one or more DR events is according to bids, sheds, prices, usage, and demand.
 12. A mechanism for demand response management comprising: a computer having demand resource (DR) logic; a source of one or more DR events, connected to the computer; and a DR resource of a customer, connected to the computer; and wherein: the DR logic generates a DR signal to the customer with information associated with a DR event; the DR logic transforms the information associated with the DR event into a level of a finite set of levels based on participation rules of the customer including preferences and/or translation rules; and the levels are translated by DR logic at a customer into load control commands for the DR resource.
 13. The mechanism of claim 12, wherein the finite set of levels comprises normal, moderate and high.
 14. The mechanism of claim 12, wherein: the computer receives feedback from the customer; and the computer modifies information associated with a DR event of a generated DR signal in response to the received feedback.
 15. The mechanism of claim 12, wherein: the information associated with the DR event is customized according to one or more variables; and the one or more variables comprise an item or items selected from a group consisting of bids, schedules, sheds, prices, demands, and usage.
 16. The mechanism of claim 12, wherein: a schedule of the DR event is customized for the customer; and a price in the DR signal is customized for the customer.
 17. The mechanism of claim 12, further comprising a utility/independent service operator connected to the computer to provide the DR event. 